China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide Essay

China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide - Essay Example Contrary to numerous states that have alleged both China and US are ignorant of numerous policies that global agencies have instituted to shun climate degradation, it has however tried to implement varied national policies. For instance, China this year revealed its intentions of reducing the CO2 emission levels stated in 2005 by approximately 60-65%. This coupled with other numerous advancements devised and proposed by Chinese government; experts have contended the country seems now to be on the right track towards curbing its excessive CO2 release. However, despite these advancements and proposals by Chinese government, the extent of CO2 emissions from the numerous sprouting industries by the day is still high, which makes the country appear as if is it is not doing enough. One of the policies implemented and currently, in place includes the vehicle exercise taxation. This policy normally compels those owning automobiles with big engines to be parting with a significant amount of t axation that commensurate with the extent of CO2 release. Hence, discouraging people from opting to own vehicles like SUV whose impact through pollution is quite high compared to small engine cars. These laws are extremely stringent compared to those in US but the challenge emerges with double release not only from the automobiles but also from industries. Hence, prompting other global states claim Chinese government does not exhibit the necessary willingness towards curbing this menace, which has ensued to political issues.

Dropout of school Essay Example for Free

Dropout of school Essay The Huffington Post recently ran an article entitled, Americas School Dropout Epidemic By The Numbers about Americas dropout problem. I would like to add my opinions about why children drop out of school. I am a professional educator who served as a classroom teacher, school counselor and school administrator in the New York City school system for over 33 years. I believe that there are five major reasons why children leave school: 1. The students themselves They make wrong decisions. They get involved with gangs, drugs/alcohol, get pregnant and commit crimes. Many have a poor school attitude and are frequently bored by school. They are disconnected to their families, school and life. They do not see the reasons they need to go to school. They are not involved in school activities and lack self-esteem. Some have been promoted lacking skills needed for promotion. Some have undergone major illnesses and have missed too many days of school and have been informed that they will be held back. Because of many of the conditions listed above, they have been suspended and have fallen behind in their work and see little purpose of returning to school. 2. The family they come from There is often a clash between the family values and those of the school. Frequently, their parents have dropped out of school themselves. The students come from families from low socio-economic backgrounds, where there are many other children. Older children often have to go to work in order to supply the family with much-needed funds for basic family needs or need to stay home to take care of younger siblings so that their parents can work. Many children come from non-English speaking homes with high mobility. Single parent homes have become the norm in the United States. Many children are products of divorce, separation or, sometimes, family violence. hey are not being raised by parents, but rather by aunts, uncles and grandparents. Families are not meeting some childrens basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. 3. The community they come from Many children live on the wrong side of the tracks in places where education is not valued, where drugs, gangs and violence abound. And where schools are low-performing, they often lack community and health support. 4. The schools they attend The schools are toxic to student learning, students, parents and staff. Students are suspended for minor infractions (such as talking back to the teacher), or placed in remedial classes. The schools have a culture of low expectations. They lack adequate guidance counseling. The curriculum is not relevant to the needs of the students being taught. Passive instructional strategies are being used without regard to individual student learning styles. Teachers are not trained in the latest teaching/learning/technology techniques. Funding is based on property values so that low-income neighborhoods receive less funding than wealthy neighborhoods. Because some states pass budgets in a less than timely matter, teachers are not hired in time producing over-sized classrooms. 5. The teachers they have The least-experienced, least classroom-trained teachers are often assigned to the most difficult schools. They enter the field with the expectation that they have been adequately prepared by the schools of education with the skills they need and they havent received. (See Arthur Levine, Educating School Teachers) They are leaving the field faster than colleges can prepare them. The teacher dropout rate is higher than the student dropout rate. Forty-six percent of teachers leave the field within five years. When asked why they leave, a majority state that they havent been properly prepared, have had increased demands placed on them because of high stakes testing and are not getting adequate support from their supervisors in dealing with classroom discipline. Like all generalities, there are exceptions to the information provided above. But, by and large, the statistics bear them out.

Jay Gatsby :: essays research papers

Jay Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is called The Great Gatsby. The character that I chose from this book is Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby an extremely rich man who lives in a giant mansion. His home is located on the West Egg and is â€Å"rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season.† (9). Jay Gatsby was born in Minnesota and had two very poor farming parents. His real name was James Gatz but his good friend Dan Cody gave him the name Jay Gatsby. Dan Cody also taught Gatsby everything about being wealthy. When Dan Cody died Gatsby inherited a small amount of his wealth. About this time Gatsby became intimate and fell in love with Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby then had to leave for war and when he returned he was sent to Oxford. Gatsby then spent the rest of his money to go and visit Daisy in Louisville but he had then learned that Daisy had given up on Gatsby. She had married a rich man named Tom. This is when Gatsby realized that the only way that he could win Daisy over was to become wealthy so he promised himself that he would become rich. Gatsby then meets his mentor Meyer Wolfsheim. His mentor Meyer Wolfsheim is the person who is responsible for Gatsby’s wealth. He helps Gatsby become a millionaire by helping him in illegal activities such as bootlegging. This is where Jay Gatsby’s tragic flaw begins. After he finds out that Daisy married Tom because he was rich he figures that he needs to be rich in order to have her so he begins to become a millionaire just for Daisy. Everything he does after this point is all for Daisy Buchanan. Saturday night Gatsby throws a very extravagant party were all of his so called friends come to. At his parties Gatsby does not drink or party at all. He just sits around and waits for his lost love Daisy. This is Jay Gatsby’s tragic flaw. He is obsessed and everything that he does and has ever done revolves around Daisy Buchanan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jay Gatsby’s appearance seems to be very clean cut and young looking man. As described by Nick he has â€Å"tanned skin [which was] drawn attractively tight on his face and [has] short hair looked as though it were trimmed every day.† (54). Gatsby also seems to dress in very expensive clothing and has â€Å"two hulking patent cabinets which held his masses suits and dressing gowns and ties, and his shirts piled like bricks in stacks a dozen high†(97). Jay Gatsby :: essays research papers Jay Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is called The Great Gatsby. The character that I chose from this book is Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby an extremely rich man who lives in a giant mansion. His home is located on the West Egg and is â€Å"rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season.† (9). Jay Gatsby was born in Minnesota and had two very poor farming parents. His real name was James Gatz but his good friend Dan Cody gave him the name Jay Gatsby. Dan Cody also taught Gatsby everything about being wealthy. When Dan Cody died Gatsby inherited a small amount of his wealth. About this time Gatsby became intimate and fell in love with Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby then had to leave for war and when he returned he was sent to Oxford. Gatsby then spent the rest of his money to go and visit Daisy in Louisville but he had then learned that Daisy had given up on Gatsby. She had married a rich man named Tom. This is when Gatsby realized that the only way that he could win Daisy over was to become wealthy so he promised himself that he would become rich. Gatsby then meets his mentor Meyer Wolfsheim. His mentor Meyer Wolfsheim is the person who is responsible for Gatsby’s wealth. He helps Gatsby become a millionaire by helping him in illegal activities such as bootlegging. This is where Jay Gatsby’s tragic flaw begins. After he finds out that Daisy married Tom because he was rich he figures that he needs to be rich in order to have her so he begins to become a millionaire just for Daisy. Everything he does after this point is all for Daisy Buchanan. Saturday night Gatsby throws a very extravagant party were all of his so called friends come to. At his parties Gatsby does not drink or party at all. He just sits around and waits for his lost love Daisy. This is Jay Gatsby’s tragic flaw. He is obsessed and everything that he does and has ever done revolves around Daisy Buchanan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jay Gatsby’s appearance seems to be very clean cut and young looking man. As described by Nick he has â€Å"tanned skin [which was] drawn attractively tight on his face and [has] short hair looked as though it were trimmed every day.† (54). Gatsby also seems to dress in very expensive clothing and has â€Å"two hulking patent cabinets which held his masses suits and dressing gowns and ties, and his shirts piled like bricks in stacks a dozen high†(97).

Leadership Principles for Healthcare

America needs good leadership in every comer. Too often mediocrity is present in business, government, schools, and churches. In a rapidly changing world, it is crucial to have strong leaders. Although no set formula exists for defining leadership, studies show a few basic commonalities among people generally considered effective leaders. This paper discusses the principles of effective leadership in healthcare. Credibility As a leader in healthcare, one is required to perform all assigned duties, regardless of their size or perceived importance, up to standard, on time, and to the best of one’s ability. Others are interested in one’s past only insofar as it may indicate future capability. They want to know how well one performs one’s duty today, so that they may estimate what one will do tomorrow. The reputation that counts most is the one earns today. Any evidence of slipshod work, halfway measures or â€Å"after-the-fact† excuses will not be viewed favorably (Bryson & Crosby, 1992). For missions to succeed, especially in times of uncertainty, ambiguity, and adversity, leaders in healthcare must live and conduct all their activities so that others may look them squarely in the eye knowing that they are associating with and placing their trust in an honorable individual. Leaders exert themselves to promote the well-being of others. They do something or stand ready to do something for others. They develop self-reliance in others so that they can become effective members of an interdependent team. Self-reliance means that a staff member does not need the presence of the boss to carry out the tactical and operational elements of his or her own job. As a leader, one should state the job to be done but leave it to one’s subordinate to recommend the methods that will accomplish the desired results, at the time required, with due regard for costs (Conger, 1989). If one wants to lead people in healthcare, one has to communicate information directly and honestly. One cannot hem and haw or water down the truth. One has to keep one’s people and the people to whom one reports, grounded in the reality of one’s situation. Although most people believe that they are honest, few are direct. Many women, especially, respect the social value of an indirect approach to problems, and this places them at a disadvantage in leadership situations. If one has trouble with the direct approach, one should put one’s points in writing, structuring them so that when one goes into a meeting, one can use one’s notes as an aid until one feels comfortable in delivering verbal reports without them. Dishonesty of any sort is quickly perceived as very disturbing and unlikable. It also carries a â€Å"permanent† connotation that isn't easily erased. Honesty is a deeply held value and can run all the way from one’s surface sincerity and â€Å"realness† to one’s basic ethics and morality. Conversation or behavior that is not very honest waves a red flag that causes other people to back off and not trust one. Trust is necessary for good communication and good communication is the main tool of successful supervision (Conger, 1989). The defensiveness typically caused by even minor dishonesty shuts down communication. There are many verbal and non-verbal indicators of dishonesty to-watch for, including elusive eye contact, contradictory body language, tone and flow of voice, behavioral inconsistencies and aggressive posture. The effective leader in healthcare models the way he or she desires his or her followers to act. (Kouzes, James & Posner 1987) This characteristic of the effective leader has also been described as the â€Å"management of trust.† (Bennis 1989) The group learns very quickly that it can rely on the leader, who is exactly what he or she appears to be. The actions of a transformation leader represent the beliefs and commitments that are spoken. Building Strong Relationships Interpersonal relationships play a critical role in the management process. As noted by Gabarro (1987,p. 172), â€Å"relationships are the principal means through which organizations are controlled.† Friendships and related social networks in organizations have been investigated in relation to such factors as organizational choice (Kilduff, 1990), turnover and organizational commitment (Krackhardt & Porter, 1985), culture (Krackhardt & Kilduff, 1990), and organizational conflict (Nelson, 1989). Much of the research that has investigated the nature of the leader-follower relationship has taken place within the context of leader-member exchange theory (LMX). Leader-member exchange theory suggests that leaders differentiate among followers in terms of leader behavior rather than enacting â€Å"one best† average leadership style with all followers (Liden & Graen, 1980). The LMX model recognizes the importance and nature of specific leader-follower relationships and emphasizes the differences in the manner in which a leader behaves toward each follower (Vecchio & Gobdel, 1984). A role is informally negotiated between each member of the work group and the leader, and an active exchange of inputs and outcomes occurs between the leader and each follower (Bass, 1990; Dansereau, Graen, & Haga, 1975). Some leader-follower dyads within groups develop roles that are personally satisfying and mutually compatible, while others do not (Graen & Scandura, 1987). Earlier writings referred to followers in the former type of dyad as part of the â€Å"in-group† and the latter as â€Å"out-group† members. Over the years, LMX research has not only verified the existence of differentiated leader-member dyads within groups, but it has also investigated the characteristics of the leader-follower relationship, as well as the process by which leaders develop effective leadership relationships. According to Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995), the development of a leader-member exchange relationship â€Å"is based on the characteristics of the working relationship as opposed to a personal or friendship relationship† (p. 237). LMX is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, consisting of respect, trust, and mutual obligation, and it refers specifically to these dimensions as they relate to â€Å"individuals' assessments of each other in terms of their professional capabilities and behaviors† (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995, p. 238). Vision To lead a group in healthcare, one must have a vision that people support from both a personal and a philosophical perspective. Consider Martin Luther King. What was the vision? His most famous statement, â€Å"I have a dream,† was delivered to more than half a million people who had descended on Washington, D.C., in support of civil rights. What was his dream? Racial equality. Could people relate to that personally and philosophically? Absolutely. Few people argued against the philosophy of racial equality. Furthermore, many supporters believed that he would have a tremendous impact on them personally. King gained overwhelming support because of his vision (Collins & Porgas, 1991). Once leaders develop a vision, they must communicate their ideas. Leaders are often great communicators. Consider Martin Luther King. He had the ability to stir and motivate people, and he excelled when he got in front of a group of people. Former President Abraham Lincoln also had superb speechmaking abilities. One of his speeches, the Gettysburg Address, is so famous that most schoolchildren memorize it at some point in their studies. Communication skills were the strong point of another well-known leader, former President Ronald Reagan. While some people have questioned Reagan's leadership abilities, few questioned his communication skills. Many remember his first State of the Union Address, which was delivered the year after he was wounded by a gunshot from John Hinckley. As with any presidential candidate, there were those who had not voted for him and were not particularly strong supporters. Reagan's address, however, was so stirring and so patriotic that afterward even people who were lukewarm about him wanted to jump to their feet, salute, and flip on their Lee Greenwood tape of â€Å"I'm Proud to Be an American.† The words he chose, and the manner in which he presented them, really touched people (Collins & Porgas, 1991). Passion Passion engenders enthusiasm and creativity. It also drives excellence. Without passion a business is ordinary — for its employees, suppliers and, most importantly, for its customers. It is easier to recognize the absence than the existence of passion. Passion is not a commodity or even an art form that can be taught or bought. It is also quietly frowned on in some circles. Passionate and respected leaders motivate and inspire those around them to share their passion for a product, a concept or an opportunity. By doing so, they encourage others to excel. These leaders recognize the need to foster and embrace a range of complementary talents and experiences. To attract people with these skills and, more importantly, right attitudes, they create the processes and culture to support them. If passion is engendered, encouraged and focused then, all other things being equal, the organization with passion will outperform those without (Bryson & Crosby, 1992). Commitment to Serve Others The effective leader in healthcare empowers others to act. (Kouzes & Posner 1987) He recognizes the potential of the entire organization and freely grants or sanctions individuals the power to act in concert with the group. What appears to be an abdication of power by the leader results in a stronger unison effort? The transformational leader encourages the heart. (Kouzes & Posner 1987) Followers work more effectively if they are frequently praised, and it is the transformational leader who understands the necessity of recognizing their accomplishments. This leadership characteristic suggests that frequent encouragement and praise for even minor accomplishments is appropriate. Positive affirmation does not instill complacency, but instead it results in motivating an individual to perform even better. Mentoring does not have to be one-on-one. With this new twist on an old model, a mentor guides a group of protà ©gà ©s through the complex process of developing their organizational practical understanding and their careers. In the new mentoring model, learning leaders are partners, rather than â€Å"patriarchs.† As experienced organizational veterans with information and knowledge to offer, they act as leaders of group learning and facilitators of group growth. With group mentoring, the setting and emphasis shifts from one-on-one relationships to group relationships. The learning leader helps protà ©gà ©s understand the organization, guides them in analyzing their experiences, and helps them clarify career directions. The process gives the protà ©gà ©s access to the experience and knowledge of a successful, high-level manager. In addition, that help comes from a different paradigm–that of a leader as collaborates. The task of the learning leader is to create an environment for the professional growth of a small group of protà ©gà ©s who can benefit from the experience, knowledge, and support of an organization veteran and of other group members. References Bennis, Warren. (1989). Why Leaders Can't Lead–The Unconscious Conspiracy Continues (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). Bryson, J. and Crosby, B. (1992). Leadership for the Common Good: Tackling Public Problems in a Shared-Power World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Collins, J. and Porgas, J. (1991). Organizational Vision and Visionary Organizations. California Management Review (Fall): 36. Conger, J. (1989). The Charismatic Leader: Behind the Mystique of Exceptional Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Gabarro, J. J. (1987). The development of working relationships. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 172-189). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In L. L Cummings & B. M. Shaw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 175-208). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. Kilduff, M. (1990). The interpersonal structure of decision making: A social comparison approach to organizational choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47(2), 270288. Kouzes, James M.   and Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). Krackhardt, D., & Kilduff, M. (1990). Friendship patterns and culture: The control of organizational diversity. American Anthropologist, 92(1), 142-154. Krackhardt, D., & Porter, L. W. (1985). When friends leave: A structural analysis of the relationship between turnover and stayers' attitudes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 242-261. Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465. Nelson, R. E. (1989). The strength of strong ties: Social networks and intergroup conflict in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 377-401. Vecchio, R. P., & Gobdel, B. C. (1984). The vertical dyad linkage model of leadership: Problems and prospects. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 5-20.   

Gwen Harwood “Sharpness of Death” and “At Mornington” Essay

Through a critical study of Gwen Harwood’s poetry, the responder’s personal response has a significant effect on their judgement towards her poetry. In The Sharpness of Death, Harwood explores the inexplicable link between life and death, as well as the value of memories in response to the inevitable passing of time. Similarly in At Mornington, Harwood accentuates the value of appreciating life to overpower death and the importance of memories to lessen the effects of time passing. These aspects, which reoccur throughout Harwood’s poetry are universal, timeless, and prevalent to human existence and society. As a result, Harwood’s poetry has been able to endure varying contexts and continue to captive and create meaning for readers. The varying interpretations of Harwood’s work influence the judgement of responders to both the individual poems, and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. The Sharpness of Death explores differing perspectives on death and its irrefutable link with life, encouraging contemporary readers to question their value of death and develop a judgement on the poem and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. Part one of the poem establishes the personas desire to bargain with death, through the demanding tone that is used to address it, â€Å"Leave me alone.† For the contemporary reader, this highlights the desperation to evade death, something many modern responders are able to identify with. As the poem continues, Harwood renders the philosophers attempts to undermine death through analysis, as meaningless. The use of the oxymoron â€Å"complex logic,† highlights the futility of this act, suggesting that death cannot be explained, only experienced. This challenges the value of attempting to understand death for the responder as even those considered the most intelligent living, cannot provide sufficient answers. As the poem continues, the importance of life, rather than explanations, to overcome death is explored. The personification of blossoms in the line, â€Å"blossoms to hold the light that’s gone,† highlights for responders that the beauty of life, as represented by the blossoms, needs to be appreciated and understood in order to come to terms with the darkness that comes after death. The  final part of the poem returns back to first person, giving the poem a cyclical nature, common in Harwood’s poetry. This depicts to audiences the cyclical nature of life and the subsequent inevitability of death. In the final two lines of the poem,â€Å"If I fall from that time, then set your teeth in me,† the negative imagery depicts the persona’s view that only when she has lost the fulfillment that comes with life, will she be able to accept death. This creates a positive judgement for the responder, depicting that their fear of death can subside if their life has been lived with joy. The exploration of the connection between life and death throughout The Sharpne ss of Death, encourages responders to challenge their perception on the connection between to two. The response of audiences towards The Sharpness of Death, brings up questions in relation to the value of memory in response to the passing of time, inevitably impacting upon the judgement of the contemporary reader. In the second part of the poem, â€Å"I hope he found some light beyond that field of black everlasting flowers,† the positive connotation of light highlights the power of memories in overcoming the darkness that is death. For responders, this leads them to accept that their memories are what will alleviate them from the effects of times passing. This image of black flowers is juxtaposed by the description of the Nasturitums in part three of the poem, â€Å"Purest of colours, how they shone.† The metaphor of the flowers depicts the power of positive memories to overcome struggles that have been faced as time has progressed. The personification of light where Harwood says, â€Å"light like a noble visitor stayed with us briefly and moved on,† emphasis es the power of memories which often fade as time goes on. This encourages the contemporary reader to consider what their prominent memories are and thus, consider how their perception of them has changed over time. The rhetorical question, â€Å"How would you ever know me now†¦unless I brought these flowers,† enhances the idea that it is remembered past experiences which enable us to draw a connection between the past and present. For the contemporary reader, this accentuates the value of memories in appreciating life, a consistent theme of Harwood’s throughout her poetry. The sexual imagery in the final part of the poem, â€Å"my tongue sang with his juices,† depicts the strong influence of memories in relation to love in giving power to accept death, when the  passing of time is over. This places death in perspective for responders, as being only one aspect of life, with memories and friendship enabling people to transcend it. Throughout The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s exploration of the power of memor ies in accordance with the passing of time influences the responder’s perception to a large extent. The connection between life and death is further accentuated through Harwood’s poem, At Mornington, which, similarly to the The Sharpness of Death, challenges readers to develop a judgement towards this inexplicable connection. The first part of the poem depicts the fearlessness and uncertainty of childhood, deriving from a lack of understanding of death. In conjunction with this, the simile, â€Å"was caught by a wave and rolled like a doll among rattling shells,† suggests the powerlessness of the persona to control her direction in life, at a stage where there was no understanding of death. This concept has been experienced by an array of responders, and thus impacts upon their judgment to a large extent. The metaphor which Harwood uses to describe the graveyard the persona is standing in, â€Å"avenues of the dead,† emphasises that everything in life is temporary, with death being the only definitive part. This asserts to the contemporary reader that death doe s not need to be focused upon as it is certain. Therefore life which is temporary and changing, should be valued. In the second last stanza, â€Å"We have one day, only one, but more than enough to refresh us,† the repetition of one highlights the power of even a small part of life being able to assist in overcoming the struggle that thought of death places upon our existence. As the poem progresses, the persona is able to develop a changed perspective on death. The irony in the line, â€Å"at your side among the graves I think of death no more,† highlights the personas acceptance of the cycle of life as a result of the strong friendship they have developed, enticing readers to do the same. Water is used as a powerful motif throughout the poem, highlighting the persona’s acceptance of the inevitability of death, in particular, â€Å"waters that bear me away forever†. This encourages the contemporary reader to also accept this inevitability in order to appreciate their own life. The response of readers to the value of life in accepting death throughout At Mornington, h as a significant impact upon their opinion as it is a concept that is universally experienced and  understood. In accordance with The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s At Mornington, encourages audiences to develop a judgement in regards to the value of memories in response to the passing of time. The poem begins with Harwood’s memory of her early childhood where she â€Å"leapt† from her father’s arms into the sea. The alliteration to introduce this, â€Å"They told me,† highlights her lack of personal memory of the uncertainty of her childhood and the need of others to reinforce this memory. For many responders, the uncertainty of their childhood was not realised until adulthood, allowing them to appreciate Harwood’s poetry as relevant to their lives. The high modality to describe her memory of believing she could walk on water, â€Å"Indeed I remember,† depicts the prominent memories of the innocent child. This brings responders to consider that while the memory of invincibility is strong, the sense of invincibility itself has been lost as time has progressed. The motif of water is also continued, this time referring to memories, â€Å"on what flood are they borne.† This metaphor highlights that memories are able to cross the boundaries of time, thus emphasising the importance of them to responders who are experiencing the effects of times passing. This motif is continued in the fourth stanza, â€Å"There is still some water left over.† This depicts to the contemporary reader that even when time seems to have reached it’s end, memories still retain the ability to bring back the sense of abatement attached with them. In the final stanza, the metaphor, â€Å"rolled in one grinding race of dreams, pain, memories, love and grief,† highlights that memories are attached to varying emotions and are apart of the race that is life, where the inevitable end is death. This causes readers to consider the importance of the varying memories within their life, to make the journey to the end worthwhile. Through the appreciation of memories in response to times passing throughout At Mornington, responders are able to identify with Harwood’s poetry and thus develop a significant association with it. Throughout Harwood’s poetry, in particular, The Sharpness of Death and At Mornington, a variety of universal and timeless concepts are explored, sparking varying responses from responders. In both these poems, the  connection between life and death, and the value of memories in response to the passing of time is explored. This exploration by Harwood is one that can be related to by a variety of readers, influencing these readers to a large extent, to develop a judgement towards Harwood’s poetry as a whole.

To Get - Verb Meanings and Lessons for ESL Students

'To Get' - Verb Meanings and Lessons for ESL Students The verb to get is used in many senses in English and can be confusing at times. Here is a list of the top ten uses of to get with simple explanations and example sentences. Of course, these are not all the senses of to get. In fact, there are many phrasal verbs with to get. This list is meant to give intermediate level learners the main senses of this important verb. To Acquire Get acquire, buy, come into the possession of something. She got a lot of paintings from her uncle.They got a new pet.Get your results the next day.I got my computer at the Apple store. To Become Get become, to change into a state, often used with adjectives. He got annoyed when he heard the bad news.It must be getting more serious.Janice has gotten much more open in her attitudes.Please dont get angry with me! To Receive Get receive a present, obtain attention. I got some clothes for Christmas.His movie got a good review.I got some books from my girlfriend.What would you like to get for your birthday? To Arrive Get arrive, reach a destination. She got home at 7 oclock.She didnt get to Chicago until after midnight.I got to work late because of the weather.I wont be able to get there until later.   To Bring Get bring, fetch, go and bring or take back. Get me those books over there, please.Could you get the wine?Let me get the shovel and well go to work.Ill just get my phone and then we can leave.   To Experience Get experience, undergo, of mental or physical states or experiences. He got an idea.  She gets vertigo when she looks out the window.They get nauseous when they drive.Peter got frightened by what he thought was a ghost.   To Make Get make, score, achieve a point or goal. Nicklaus got a 70 on that extremely difficult golf course.The Brazilian team got 4 goals.She got 29 points that day.Anthony got 12 rebounds during the game. To Contract Get contract, take, be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness. He got a horrible disease while he was traveling.  She got pneumonia and had to go to the hospital.She got a cold from Tom.Unfortunately, I got ill from drinking the water while on vacation.   To Induce Get induce, stimulate, cause, make someone do, cause to do; cause to act in a certain way, always followed by an object. My children finally got me to buy a computer.My wife got me to pay attention to the speaker.The class got the teacher to postpone the test.  I wish I could get them to take me seriously! To Pay Back Get pay back, take vengeance on or get even Well get them!  Thatll get him good!This time I got him.Just wait until I get you! Get Uses Quiz Decide how get is meant in the following sentences.   I got three As last semester. - be striken by / become / scorePeter has gotten serious about his studies. - arrive / cause / becomeThey got their father to buy them a new horse. - bring / acquire / cause  We got three books for our new library. - experience / cause / receiveJane got the flu from her students last week. - arrive / experience / contractCould you get me the paper? - receive / fetch / take vengeanceI got spooked by all the talk of revolution. - experience / fetch / becomeI got some excellent advice on the new job. - bring / receive / causeShe promised to get him some day for all his bad behavior. - pay back / fetch / acquireJohn Handersohn got 32 points and 12 rebounds during the game last night. - become / score / arrive Answers scorebecomecausereceivecontractfetchexperiencereceivepay backscore There are also a wide range of idioms and expressions with get and numerous phrasal verbs with get.

ESL Lesson Plan Using Suggestopedia

ESL Lesson Plan Using Suggestopedia During a workshop held by Lori Ristevski concerning the practical application of Brain Friendly Learning (otherwise known as effective/affective learning), Lori stated that this method of teaching is based on the idea that effective learning is suggestive in nature, not direct. In other words, learning takes place through a combination of different types of right and left brain functions. She stated that long-term memory is semi-conscious and that we must sidetrack people with other things in order to allow them to receive information through peripheral perception. In order to  understand these concepts, Lori led us through a concert. A concert is basically a story read (or sung by some) out loud by the teacher. Students concentrate on understanding the story and not on learning new vocabulary, grammar etc. Following are the steps of this exercise and an example text for a concert. An important principle applied to this exercise (and, I imagine, all effective/affective materials) is the repeated exposure to new material. Music is also played in the background as a means of stimulating right brain participation. A Concert Step 1: Read (or sing in a quasi-recitative style - good luck ;-) the concert to students. Make sure to not introduce the new material before the concert.Step 2: Have students split up into teams. Read the concert back with pauses, the focus information being presented, for the students to fill in. Each correct answer gets a point. For example: You are working on introducing prepositions, you have read the concert and now read John went ____ the store ___ the corner. Students shout out into! and on! and the various teams get points.Step 3: Have students, in their respective teams, take cards (that you have prepared) with the new words/phrases on them. Students then place the cards in the correct order of usage or combine them with other cards to make sense. For example: Cards have been created with prepositions and nouns. Students need to then match up the correct preposition with the noun.Step 4: Have students make up sentences, in turn, using the paired up cards. For example: Stude nt A takes the pair into, store and says, He went into the store to buy some food. Now, heres the concert text. Thanks to another colleague, Judith Ruskin, for having created this text. The target language areas of this text are verb preposition, and adjective preposition combinations. Once upon a time, there was a young man who was addicted to chocolate. He ate it for breakfast in the morning, at lunch and dinner - it seemed that he was never tired of eating it. Chocolate with cornflakes, chocolate on toast, chocolate, and beer - he even boasted of eating chocolate and steak. He was married to a beautiful woman whom he had met when he was recovering from flu. She was a nurse, responsible for all the patients in the area and very content with her job. In fact, the only problem these two had was his dependence on chocolate. One day the young wife decided on a plan to make her husband allergic to chocolate forever. She confided in her best friend and asked her to cooperate with her in playing a trick on her husband. She was aware of the fact that her friend suffered from rats and she asked if she could borrow some of her rat poison. Her friend was a little surprised at the request but agreed to it and gave her the poison. The young wife hurried home and started work in the kitchen, very satisfied with herself. An hour later she emerged from the kitchen proudly carrying a large chocolate cake and the empty tin of rat poison. Darling - Ive made a lovely chocolate cake for you! she called fondly. Down the stairs, the greedy husband ran and in short time he had polished it off, right down to the last crumb. He was released from the hospital after only two weeks. He never accused his wife of poisoning him, but he was always slightly suspicious of her. Needless to say, he never again touched chocolate. Well, as you can tell my colleague is British and has that touch of famed British love of black humor... For further information on effective/affective learning: SEALSociety for Effective Affective Learning. UK based global association promoting effective/affective learning. SuggestopediaAn introduction to Suggestopedia through a look at documentation on the Net concerning its theory, practice,  and principles. BRAIN friendly English Learning Take a look at this exciting approach to learning/teaching English which focuses on using all areas of the brain while enjoying learning.

MCAT Fee Assistance Program (FAP)

MCAT Fee Assistance Program (FAP) When you find yourself interested in medical school, and as such, the MCAT exam, but also find yourself a little lacking in the funds necessary  to get you there, then the AAMC offers you a way to get what you want without the hefty price tag attached: The Fee Assistance Program or FAP. Below, youll find out the basics about the Fee Assistance Program, the benefits of the program and the ways to obtain assistance if you qualify. Read on for the details before you register! Fee Assistance Basics The AAMC started the Fee Assistance Program to help those students who wanted to apply to medical school with the American Medical School Application Service (AMCAS) or take the MCAT, but couldnt do so because the cost of both was too prohibitive. Medical schools that accept the AMCAS, also decided to help those applicants out, too. Students who have received aid from the AAMC through the Fee Assistance Program, often get their application fees waived, too. Bonus! Benefits So, what exactly is offered with the Fee Assistance Program? Starting on January 2, 2014, recipients of the FAP will get the following: A reduction in the MCAT registration feeA reduction in the MCAT rescheduling fee if it is requiredA free copy of the MCAT prep book, The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam (worth about $30)A free authorization code to The Official MCAT Self-Assessment package (worth about $104).Free admission to MSAR (Medical School Admission Requirements), a suite of guides to help students prepare for medical school and the application process (worth about $22)A waiver for all AMCAS fees for up to 15 medical schools (worth about $650) Please keep in mind that these benefits are not retroactive. For example, if youve taken the MCAT and wish to apply to medical schools and have your fees waived, even if you are accepted into the FAP, your MCAT registration fees will not be refunded. They do, however, last five years. So, if youre thinking of taking the MCAT, but youre unsure about when youd like to apply to medical school, go ahead and apply for FAP if you think youll qualify because you have time to make your decision before your benefits run out. Eligibility With benefits as fantastic as those, obviously, everyone cannot qualify. So, what are the qualifications for the program? The AAMC considers the Department of Health and Human Services poverty level guidelines when making their fee assistance decisions. If your familys income is 300%  or less of the poverty level for the previous year for your family size, then you will be automatically approved for fee assistance. You must also be a U.S. citizen, a lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the United States (Green Card holder), or have been granted refugee/asylum status by the U.S. government. Obtaining Assistance If you believe youre eligible for assistance, then youll need to fill out an FAP application, providing the following information: Personal information: Your financial information (adjusted gross income and non-taxable income). Youll include your spouses financial information if applicable, as well.Parental information: Your parents financial information (adjusted gross income and non-taxable income) regardless of whether youre dependent or not and regardless of your age. The only time you will not provide this information is if your parents are deceased.Supporting documentation: Tax filers must provide a copy of their Federal Income Tax Forms (1040, 1040A, 1040EZ, etc.) for the previous calendar year. Non-tax filers are required to provide copies of W-2 forms for the previous calendar year. Students whose primary source of support was educational aid/scholarships must provide a copy of their Financial Aid Award Letter.Cover letter: You and your parents must print and sign the FAP Supporting Documentation Cover Letter. The AAMC requests that you allow approximately 15 days for final FAP decisions. Submitting Your Application Ready to apply? Complete your FAP application here!

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

None - Essay Example Package is also important because of the exclusive control that the product storeowner has over it. Unlike brand that depends on influence for creation and sustenance, package remains the same and as created by the product owner (Black 1). Marketers also and erroneously assume that packaging aims at capturing a customer’s attention into purchase. One of the roles of packaging is attraction and retention of customers. Sensitivity to the target market and branding objectives is important to effects of packaging on the role. A package, which can also develop a brand, may be effective to attract new customers and to retain existing customers through visibility and attractive features or disrupt existing customers. Packaging can also be used to communicate changes in product and in brand into effective marketing. It also informs customers of product features and quality to help in closing sales. This is because of information that package can offer about a product, such as ingredients, that makes a product outstanding from its competitors (Black 1). Black, James. â€Å"What is your product saying to consumers? Rethinking the role of the package in communications.† AdAge. January 18, 2011. Web. March 10, 2015.

Coal Industry in Wales between 1945 - 1985 Essay

Coal Industry in Wales between 1945 - 1985 - Essay Example Wales, as a nation, has largely been built around welsh language, and partly on collective identity by virtue of the coalfield communities. In the Wales, the labor party was held in reverence, owing to political and cultural references to coal. During the 1984-1985, the coal mine workers went on strike, following a change of government by Margaret Thatcher. The conservative party, unlike the labor party that was more concerned with the welfare of the mine workers and wealth distribution, was more concerned with free trade (Gildart 2001). This move was also not popular with both the national union of mineworkers (NUM) and the national coal board (NCB) that was recording losses. Market fluctuations, labor intensity, geographic concentration, distinctive structure and nature of the coal mining industry are some of the features that characterized this industry in the United Kingdom during the twentieth century (Davis 2006). The coalfields were so dependent on a limited economic activities range that once there was a decline in the market for coal, there occurred a widespread social distress, unemployment, and bitter disputes in industrial relations. As such, coal mining has served as an example to a number of social, economic and political issues in the history of modern Britain. State of the industry before 1945 During the industrial revolution, coal mining evolved into a large scale affair, as it was the primary source of energy for transportation and industries during the period between the eighteenth century and the 1950s. Compared to other sources of energy such as electricity, coal is steal abundant and of a lower cost. However, the discovery and mining of coal in other areas such as the United States led to a significant drop in the demand for coal from the Wales on a global scale. Additionally, oils and other associated fuels were now gaining popularity as an alternative source of energy (Davis 2006). By the late twentieth century, coal was rapidly being replaced as a source of energy in the transportation and industrial sectors, as well as at the domestic level. During the twentieth century, there was an increase in both output and manpower, and this ensured that Wales had its peak coal production. In 1913, Wales produced about 57 million tons of coal in 620 mines that employed 232,000 men. By 1913, Britain had over 2,500 mines. These were producing in excess of 290 million tones of coal (Davis 2006). Of these, 30 percent was meant for export. By 1938, just prior to the Second World War, the number of mines had reduced to 1,900, and the output plummeted to 230 million tones. Export was just over 50 million tones. This notwithstanding, the scale of the industry was still considered to be very large. By 1913, South Wales produced about 20 percent of all the coal in the United Kingdom (Gildart 2001). This came from coalfields in Durham/Northumberland, and Yorkshire and Scotland. The counties and towns where these mines were located became home to thousands of mines workers. By 1921, almost half of all the adult male workers found in Glamorgan happened to be coal miners. Following the end of the First World War

Health care delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health care delivery - Essay Example Numerous trends influence all areas of health care, including care by nursing. The rising cost of health care has generated numerous outcomes that have had a broad impact on health care delivery. The potential compensation system for hospital Medicare patients, introduced in 1983, and current managed care competition need cost containment measures and a redefinition of least standards of care for hospitalized patients. The patient care plan should reflect a strategy that best congregates the patient's needs within time limitations and limited resources. The goal of efficiency inflicts shorter hospital stays for patients, reformation of hospitals for economic survival, and efforts to enumerate nursing care costs (Sinclair Vaughn 1988). Patients in hospitals are sicker, are being treated more appropriately, and are being expulsioned before they are completely recovered from their illnesses. Home health care and ambulatory services are growing in retort to the need and the economic indu cement ( Freeman et al., 1987, Slemenda Mary Beth, 1983).A subsequent trend in health care relates to the greatly technical hospital environment . Quickly changing technology imposes both knowledge requirements and a rising concern about the impersonality of the critical care environment. Nursing has reacted to these issues by attempts at association and communication in education and perform, innovative attempts at care planning all the way through computerization, organized training and education plans for staff, and new roles and constitutions in nursing practice ( Simpson and Brown, 1985). Main Discussion Nursing as a discipline is becoming inextricably bounced to technology ( DeVisser, 1981: 127). Specialization in medical practice as the sixties has imposed a national standard of medical and nursing care ( Garlo, 1984). Proceeding to that time, a physician might determine proper care for a heart attack patient. This care might be prejudiced by the region, the personal philosophy of the physician, as well as the resources of the community and hospital. The universal practitioner in a small town might have a diverse standard than would the teaching hospital in a big city. This is less the case now than ever before. National medical board qualifications now determines obstetric or cardiac care in both urban and rural areas, and these standards are upheld officially for physicians, nurses, and hospitals. Hospitals in small towns might have equipment and offer services once simply seen in a medical center. Regional trauma and neonatal ICU networks exemplify this phenomenon. Third-party payers, including Medicare, inflict a further standard for hospital care. Official approval standards set by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations also encourage similarities somewhat than differences among hospitals. Critical care units have emerged as a general feature of hospitals in the 1990s (Elpern Ellen H., Suzanne B. Yellen, and Laural A. Burton 1998). The consequences of technology for nursing practice comprise demands for education and training, the materialization of specialized clinical roles, artistic and often expensive staffing patterns, salary incentive programs, distresses about abrasion of expert staff, stress and job tension, and the stresses of ethical predicaments arising in critical care settings. Critical care nursing, at present an anticipated part of hospital care in the 1990s, seems rooted in two discrete features (Campbell Margaret L. and Richard W. Carlson 2002). First, the enormity of patient needs calls for twenty-four-hour nursing surveillance. The temperament of this nurse-patient relationship has social, structural, institutional, and economic roots in the development of nursing in the United States. Private duty nursing and hospital staff nursing both restrain

Gun Control Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun Control Law - Essay Example On the other hand, critics of gun control argue that the government has failed to ensure the safety and security of public life and therefore use of guns for self-defense is a human right. In their opinion, nobody can return a life once it is taken by another person. Under such circumstances, the right of a person to protect his life is a natural one and gun control laws would prevent people from executing their natural rights with respect to self-defense. Different politicians have different views about gun control. Obama is taking a cautious approach while dealing with topics related to gun control. In his opinion, â€Å"the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals to bear arms, but he also identifies with the need for crime-ravaged communities to save their children from the violence that plagues our streets through common-sense, effective safety measures† (O'Connor). In other words, Obama has neither advocated nor criticized the gun control laws. He respects the right of people to bear arms; at the same time, he expresses his concern about the misuse of guns, especially by children. Obama should make his points clearer. It is difficult for a passenger to travel safely through a river if he keeps his legs in two different boats. Being the president of America, Obama should take a firm stand in favor of gun control rather than playing politics. Obama should realize that banning handguns only would save the lives of thousands of people since gun at, tacks are more severe than all other kinds of attacks. A person who possesses a gun will try to use it whenever he gets agitated by the activities of others. Even for silly things, he may take out his guns and he will realize the consequences of his action only after some days. The confession of Plaxico Burress seems to be relevant here. A week after he walked out of Oneida Correctional Facility in upstate New York has served a 21-month sentence for attempted criminal possession of a weapon, former Giants wide receiver Plaxico Burress said; "I've paid a tremendous price for a bad decision.  

Statistics Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics Homework - Assignment Example When it comes to making forecasts using multiple regression, we must consider not only whether each independent variable value is reasonable by itself, but also whether the chosen combination of predictor values is reasonable. From the multiple regression, it is possible to compare the slopes of two or more regression lines and test whether the  slopes  and intercepts are significantly different". The null hypothesis could read that the slopes for the two groups are not significantly different. We compare the p-value with the If p-value< we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that conclude that the slopes for the two groups are different. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.09232 implying that only approximately 9.232% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -28463, this shows that the price of cars with no garage is much more, those with garage are -28463 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.01968 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -14845, this shows that the price of cars with one garage is much more, those with more than one garage are -14845 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.1549 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA and carB.

Business competitive Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business competitive - Case Study Example Despite our commitment to delivery of quality products, the company has recently been faced with safety challenges following the meat poisoning incident in Saskatchewan, Canada which was traced back to the company’s meat products. This incident led to temporary closure of the Winnipeg processing plant by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the management has fully cooperated with the authorities for a revision of cleaning protocols at the plant. However, the closure led to cutting of working hours for some of our employees who were seemingly not pleased with the move. The company’s communication office has been closely monitoring the situation with an aim of assuring the public of our continued commitment to safety issues, and most importantly to avoid any further panic which would greatly affect our operations and overall profitability. In doing so, the Director of Communications has continuously monitored reporting of the incident by the media and keeps a c lose scrutiny of both employee and customer comments and reactions regarding the incident. This led to the discovery of unpleasant commentaries on one of the social media sites regarding Oaktree’s commitment to safety and customer concerns. ... serve as a long-term strategy to crisis management and in particular to address issues of employee communications and responses towards internal organizational crisis. However, it is important to note that the recommendations given here are subject to various internal and external constraints including but not limited to budgetary issues that may hinder financing of a proposed strategic solution. In addition, methods of aligning mentioned recommendations with the overall company strategic plans and objectives, and government regulations on human resource engagement with employees. Situation Analysis The above illustrated situation qualifies to be termed a crisis and its management involves pre-established activities and guidelines for adequate preparation and response to incidents that may damage the company’s integrity and reputation. It is therefore essential that human resource managers establish a collaborative work culture with to-down commitment to ensure that effective solutions are in place. This important role of the human resource function of the organization ensures that organization problems are sufficiently diagnosed. The above situation has never been experienced before which calls for development of a new strategic plan into the overall company strategic plan. It is however important to note that any plan recommended for implementation might be met with some degree of negative response from especially the employees as it will imply newer channels of working in the company. One of the internal factors that has been identified as influencing employee behaviour is the actions of colleagues which calls for development of an internal culture that will see to it that the company’s integrity is upheld at all times in order to ensure increased productivity.

Statistics Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics Homework - Assignment Example When it comes to making forecasts using multiple regression, we must consider not only whether each independent variable value is reasonable by itself, but also whether the chosen combination of predictor values is reasonable. From the multiple regression, it is possible to compare the slopes of two or more regression lines and test whether the  slopes  and intercepts are significantly different". The null hypothesis could read that the slopes for the two groups are not significantly different. We compare the p-value with the If p-value< we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that conclude that the slopes for the two groups are different. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.09232 implying that only approximately 9.232% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -28463, this shows that the price of cars with no garage is much more, those with garage are -28463 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.01968 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -14845, this shows that the price of cars with one garage is much more, those with more than one garage are -14845 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.1549 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA and carB.

Sweatshop Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sweatshop Labor - Essay Example The company ethical guidelines affect the whole operations of the business. When the guidelines are clear to all subordinates, the employees are unlikely to make unethical decisions. However, in case the company leaves the ethical issues to be decided by the supervisors, they are likely to engage in unethical issues which might end up tarnishing the reputation of the company in the market (Esbenshade, 2004). Therefore, ethical perspective such as the minimum salaries and age of the employees ensures that decision made inside the company’s premises observe these guidelines. A company influences its ethical environment by setting the standards to be met by the employees. When the standards are beyond what the employees can achieve, the subordinates are likely to engage in unethical behavior in order to achieve them (Esbenshade, 2004). This explains why some employees in Bangladesh working for one of the Wal-Mart subsidiary opted to come with their children in the workplace in order for them to help their parents to reach the set

Main Forces Driving the Market of Gas Essay Example for Free

Main Forces Driving the Market of Gas Essay In this assignment, I am required to write an analysis of the main forces driving the market for any specific product of my choice. For me to successfully complete this task, I have to first pick a product, one that I am interested in, discuss the long term forces driving demand and supply, discuss the position of the main substitute products and producers, look at past data and explain what has occurred to change the price and finally will the producer be profitable in the future?I have chosen Natural Gas. Natural gas is a vital component of the worlds supply of energy. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources. Despite its importance, however, there are many misconceptions about natural gas. For instance, the word gas itself has a variety of different uses, and meanings. When we fuel our car, we put gas in it. However, the gasoline that goes into your vehicle, while a fossil fuel itself, is very different from natural gas. The gas in the common barbecue is actually propane, which, while closely associated and commonly found in natural gas, is not really natural gas itself. While commonly grouped in with other fossil fuels and sources of energy, there are many characteristics of natural gas that make it unique. Long-Term forces driving Supply Demand Demand for natural gas has traditionally been high. Demand for natural gas depends on the time of year, and changes from season to season. In the past, demand for natural gas has been relatively straightforward: demand was highest during the coldest months of winter and lowest during the warmest months of summer. The main driver for this natural gas demand is the need for residential and commercial heating. This has resulted in demand for natural gas spiking in January and February, and dipping during the months of July and August. While requirements for natural gas heating decrease during the summer months, demand for space cooling increases during this warmer season. Electricity provides the primary source of energy for residential and commercial cooling requirements, leading to an increase in demand for electricity. Because natural gas is used to generate a large portion of electricity, increased electrical demand often means increased natural gas demand. This results in a smaller spike in natural gas demand during the warmest months of the year. Thus, natural gas demand experiences its most pronounced increase in the coldest months, but as the use of natural gas for the generation of electricity increases, the magnitude of the smaller summer peak in demand for natural gas is expected to become more pronounced. In general, there are two primary drivers that determine the demand for natural gas in the short term. These include: †¢Weather as mentioned, natural gas demand typically peaks during the coldest months and tapers off during the warmest months, with a slight increase during the summer to meet the demands of electric generators. The weather during any particular season can affect this cyclical demand for natural gas. The colder the weather during the winter, the more pronounced will be the winter peak. Conversely, a warm winter may result in a less noticeable winter peak. An extremely hot winter can result in even greater cooling demands, which in turn can result in increased summer demand for natural gas. †¢Fuel Switching supply and demand in the marketplace determine the short term price for natural gas. However, this can work in reverse as well. The price of natural gas can, for certain consumers, affect its demand. This is particularly true for those consumers who have the capacity to switch the fuel upon which they rely. While most residential and commercial customers rely solely on natural gas to meet many of their energy requirements, some industrial and electric generation consumers have the capacity to switch between fuels. For instance, during a period of extremely high natural gas prices, many electric generators may switch from using natural gas to using cheaper coal, thus decreasing the demand for natural gas. Changes in Technology Technological innovation has equipped the industry with the equipment and practices necessary to continually increase the production of natural gas to meet rising demand. These technologies serve to make the exploration and production of natural gas more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. According to a Department of Energy Report, â€Å"Environmental Benefits of Advanced Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technology,† released in 1999 and still one of the most in-depth analyses available as of 2012: †¢22,000 fewer wells are needed on an annual basis to develop the same amount of oil and gas reserves as were developed in 1985. †¢Had technology remained constant since 1985, it would take two wells to produce the same amount of oil and natural gas as one 1985 well. However, advances in technology mean that one well today can produce two times as much as a single 1985 well. †¢Drilling wastes have decreased by as much as 148 million barrels due to increased well productivity and fewer wells. †¢The drilling footprint of well pads has decreased by as much as 70% due to advanced drilling technology, which is extremely useful for drilling in sensitive areas. †¢By using modular drilling rigs and slimehole drilling, the size and weight of drilling rigs can be reduced by up to 75% over traditional drilling rigs, reducing their surface impact. †¢Had technology, and thus drilling footprints, remained at 1985 levels, todays drilling footprints would take up an additional 17,000 acres of land. †¢New exploration techniques and vibrational sources mean less reliance on explosives, reducing the impact of exploration on the environment. Market structure The structure of the natural gas industry has changed dramatically since the mid-1980’s. In the past, the structure of the natural gas industry was simple, with limited flexibility and few options for natural gas delivery. Exploration and production companies explored and drilled for natural gas, selling their product at the wellhead to large transportation pipelines. These pipelines transported the natural gas, selling it to local distribution utilities, which in turn distributed and sold that gas to its customers. The prices for which producers could sell natural gas to transportation pipelines was federally regulated, as was the price at which pipelines could sell to local distribution companies. Competitors Change of price Prices of natural gas vary throughout Europe. One of the main objectives of the projected single EU energy market is a common pricing structure for gas products. Europes main natural gas supplier is Russia. Since the major pipelines pass through Ukraine there is an ever arising dispute on the supply and transition prices between Ukraine and Russia. During the negotiations in 2008 Ukraine proposed that the price of natural gas for Ukraine should increase by $21.5 to $201 per 1,000 cubic meters, and the transit fee by $0.3 to $2 per 1,000 cubic meters pumped 100 kilometres (62 mi). Gazprom proposed that Naftohaz should buy its natural gas at $250 per 1,000 cubic meters starting from 2009. Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin said that the $250 per 1000 cubic meters price was a humanitarian gesture to Ukraine considering that Russia buys gas from Central Asia for $340 and that the European price level is $500 per 1000 cubic meters. Later, Naftohaz said it was ready to pay $235. Negotiations between Gazprom and Naftohaz were interrupted on 31 December 2008. While Gazprom claimed that Naftohaz would not negotiate, Ukraine said that the negotiations were interrupted at Gazproms initiative. Three Future Trends in Natural Gas Prices Prices will rise due to three major trends, causing a demand increase to meet this oversupply†¦ †¢Trend #1: Utility Customers Lining Up While the natural gas producers are bemoaning the lower prices, electric utilities are lining up to buy. Nearly every new plant to come online in 2010 and 2011 uses natural gas as its primary source of fuel. Historically, the only power plants that used natural gas as a fuel were peaking plants. Those are generators that utilities turn on only during peak times of energy use. Theyre expensive to run, and utilities pay top dollar for the natural gas they use. More recently, utilities are converting old, dirty coal-fired power plants to run on much cleaner burning natural gas. These are big, base load power plants, online all the time. That allows utilities to negotiate long-term lower priced contracts for the gas they burn. †¢Trend #2: The Growing Aversion to Nuclear Power Ever since Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, nuclear power has been on the back burner in the United States. The newest (and only) plant under construction by Southern Company doesnt have an operating license yet, and probably wont go online for at least a decade. After the Fukushima disaster in Japan, plans for new nuclear power plants were either shelved or delayed all over the world. While Japan rebuilds, its relying heavily on natural gas and other fossil fuels. Meanwhile, countries around the world are reassessing nuclear power plant safety. Germany announced its getting completely out of nuclear by 2022. And New York Governor Cuomo is adamant about shutting down the Indian Point nuclear plant, just north of New York City. All this generation capacity will have to be replaced by other sources, and natural gas is the fuel of choice. †¢Trend #3: The LNG Shortage Nearly every gas import terminal in the country (there are nine of them) applied for permits to install natural gas liquefaction plants. The reason? The demand for natural gas is booming just about everywhere else in the world. Qatar, the worlds largest exporter of natural gas, will soon hit its full annual export capacity of 77 million tons, in the face of global demand that can absorb nearly as much as the world can produce. In the wake of the multiple disasters in Japan, its importing an additional four million tons over the next year from Qatar. Its in negotiations to purchase even more. Future prospects of natural gas According to current projections we have a maximum of 50 years’ worth of petroleum reserves left. That means that in the next five decades our lives may change dramatically. We will no longer have one of the most important resources responsible for the industrialization and modernization of our global society. We have relied on it to run our ships and airplanes, heat our homes, fuel our cars, carpet our floors, clothe our bodies, brush our teeth, and wax our surfboards. In short, thousands of industrial, domestic, and recreational petroleum applications may not be possible in the coming century. Now that we are dependent on this finite resource in every realm of life, we may soon have to relinquish it. Clean energy from renewable sources like the wind, sun and ocean waves, while promising, are likely to take several years before they reach a critical mass. An alternative for investors to consider is natural gas. Yes, natural gas is a fossil fuel, but it does offer the advantage of having a cleaner reputation than oil. Will natural gas be profitable? Yes. There are many factors in which shows that Natural Gas is a profitable product, for example, it is an ever-growing product, one that is hardly used. One might say the transporting of Natural Gas is very expensive. The best way to improve the problem of natural gas oversupply is to increase its export. The most economical way to export natural gas is to liquefy it; this type of natural gas is called LNG. In its liquid state natural gas takes up 1/600 of its normal volume, making it ideal for export. In conclusion, I have successfully analysed the main forces driving the market for any specific product of my choice, which I chose Natural Gas.

Essay --

Introduction: Vietnam is a small country located in Southeast Asia with a S-curve shape. Vietnam has three sections including North, Central part and South. Hanoi, in the North part, is the capital of Vietnam but it is not the largest city as people thought. Otherwise, Ho Chi Minh City, in the South part, is not only the largest but also the most population city, the center of economy, culture, and education, which plays the important role in the development of Vietnam. Therefore, getting knows more about Vietnam is an interesting issue including historical evolution, special features, problems and some recommendations about urban studies. Body: Historical evolution: This area was originally known as Prey Nokor, a part of the Kingdom of Cambodia, which served as an important fishing village and harbor of Khmer’s people. After that it was annexed by Vietnamese, and then city was formed thanks to the exploration of the Nguyen Dynasty. When the French was in Indochina, Saigon quickly grew up to become one of the most important cities in Vietnam. At that time, Saigon was considered as the capital of the Indochinese Union in the 1887-1901 period. In 1954, Saigon was named the capital of the Republic of Vietnam. It was one of the most important cities of Southeast Asia. In 1976, National Assembly of Vietnam decided to change the name Saigon into "Ho Chi Minh City", after the first President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Special features of the city: The city’s creative dynamism is the attraction, and motivation to develop the industrialization and modernization today. After 25 years of renovation, the city has made great achievements, fundamental changes in its social life, and many important contributions to the country in... .... Overpopulation: In my opinion, HCM city should issue regulation to "tighten" immigration, which include requirements such as: immigrants must prove that he/she has been living in the city more than 3 years, with an area of housing per capita is 15 m ² etc. Moreover, while residents in the city have the right to own property and access to schools and health services for a reasonable fee. Conversely, illegal immigrants are not entitled to. In some case, they have to pay double the cost of electricity and water, or triple for tuition fee. Conclusion: Despite the fact that the city has to face so many problems and challenges, Ho Chi Minh City still developes and innovates day by day. In fact, these difficulties are obviously to all cities while expanded period. Recognizing the problems and finding proper solutions, the city will develop in a better comprehensive way.

Coleridges the Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Essay -- essays research p

Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is wrote in a way that the reader is expected to temporarily allow him or herself to believe it to be able to understand it. The poem itself is about a Mariner who is telling his tale of sin and forgiveness by God to a man referred to as the "Wedding Guest." The Mariner is supposedly responsible for the death of all of the crew on his ship because of his killing of a creature which was to bring them the wind that they needed to put power into the sails of the ship. The whole point of the poem is to encourage or convince the reader to believe the tale that Coleridge tells. Coleridge wrote the poem as a means to induce the reader with what he calls a "willing suspension of disbelief." The poem is written in such a way that the reader is expected to willingly decide to temporarily believe the almost unbelievable story. The reason a person is to make sure that he or she believes it temporarily to be true is because the Mariner in the story is trying to get the point of forgiveness from God across to the reader and if the reader chooses not to believe the story behind the poem then they will not understand the effect of the point of the tale. Coleridge's main point in writing the story was to get people to understand forgiveness by understanding the poem. The Mariner in th... Coleridges "the Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Essay -- essays research p Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is wrote in a way that the reader is expected to temporarily allow him or herself to believe it to be able to understand it. The poem itself is about a Mariner who is telling his tale of sin and forgiveness by God to a man referred to as the "Wedding Guest." The Mariner is supposedly responsible for the death of all of the crew on his ship because of his killing of a creature which was to bring them the wind that they needed to put power into the sails of the ship. The whole point of the poem is to encourage or convince the reader to believe the tale that Coleridge tells. Coleridge wrote the poem as a means to induce the reader with what he calls a "willing suspension of disbelief." The poem is written in such a way that the reader is expected to willingly decide to temporarily believe the almost unbelievable story. The reason a person is to make sure that he or she believes it temporarily to be true is because the Mariner in the story is trying to get the point of forgiveness from God across to the reader and if the reader chooses not to believe the story behind the poem then they will not understand the effect of the point of the tale. Coleridge's main point in writing the story was to get people to understand forgiveness by understanding the poem. The Mariner in th...

Developmental Theories

Theoretically, developmental process of an individual can be psychologically predicted through the use of these theoretical frameworks. Dulcan and Wiener (2006) emphasize that the developmental characteristics of a person are strongly influenced by the emergence and form of particular patterns of functioning obtained from both internal and external influences (p. 3). The idea of developmental theories suggests a complex process of development dependent on discrete elements (e. g. social environment, moral knowledge, sexual stimulation, etc. ) encountered throughout the child’s development.According to Colarusso (1992), the child’s developmental phases can be dynamically oriented and can vary depending on the maturational process being experienced by the child (p. 1). Pressley and McCormick (2007) support the idea by adding that â€Å"children are fundamentally different depending on their stage, which generally correlates with age, and movement from one stage to anothe r stage is rather abrupt† (p. 5). In order to test these developmental theories, we have utilized these frameworks in analyzing the developmental processes of three children based (a) behavioral learning, (b) social-cognitive learning and (c) cognitive learning.Discussion From the recorded observations on the first child examined, the following data reveal that the 3-year old male child (a) tries to imitate adult-like behaviors (e. g. scolding his siblings after seeing their mother scold them, acting responsible, etc. ), (b) more understanding when it comes to possessive terms (e. g. mine, him, hers, etc. ), (c) manifests cooperative behavior during play sessions, (d) mingles with other children of his age even in the absence of parents, and (e) expresses emotions more openly to parents or caretakers. . . . . .After observing these behaviors, we have utilized the social-cognitive theoretical approach since the child has manifested actions and activities related to social inter actions. Social-cognitive approach has been chosen to explain the psychosocial and cognitive related behaviors of the child towards himself and the outside social influences, such as playmates, parents and caretakers. According to Alexander and Winne (2006), social cognitive theory supports the idea that the child’s behavior is reciprocally influenced by interactions, environmental variables and personal components (e.g. cognition, expressions, etc) (p. 356).Evident in the child’s behavior, he manifests a strong, adult-like behavior to impersonate adult personality seen from his parents – more particularly the paternal image. After learning these behavioral patterns, the child applies these to his social activities (e. g. the child scolds his siblings during play time, etc. ). Moreover, the child already understands the basics of social principles, such as possession, playmates and emotional reciprocality.According to Balter and Tamis-LeMonda (2006), the child i s prompted by modeling, enactive experience and observational learning schemes, which is usually manifested through representational processes or symbolic conceptions (p. 295). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Next, the theoretical approach on behavioral learning has been applied in an observational study on a 5-year old female. As explained by Sadock and Kaplan (2007), behavioral learning suggests that a child develops by learning behaviors present within her social environment (p.1307).The rationale for applying behavioral learning approach is its concept of utilizing behavior to obtain the necessary skills helping the child to better adjust in his or her environment. The child manifests the following behavior during playtime: (a) she wants to be like her friends – this include acquiring material possessions similar to her friends, (b) she easily gets influenced by majority of her friends’ decisions, and (c) she tends to imitate skills performed by her friends.Following b ehavioral learning theory, Salkind (2004) explains that the child usually prioritizes the skills and activities to learn depending on how these can be used in increasing the efficacy of adaptation towards the outside influences (p. 20). Based from John Locke’s theory of blank slate, a child is initially considered naive and unlearned; however, by learning the behaviors that are prominent and frequent in her environment, the child learns how to adapt accordingly (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).Behavioral learning involves the fundamental developmental concept of the survivability by means of adapting to different behaviors frequently seen in the environment. Evidently, due to the frequent exposure of the child to her playmates, she tends to imitate or learn the frequent activities or skills performed by her playmates to better suit her adaptation toward her social circle. According to Salkind (2004), the theory considers the child as a malleable being influenced by different behaviors and changes resulted by various events and experiences (p.  20).In application, the girl tries to adapt to the behaviors and skills learned by her playmates to better enhance her adaptation and sense of belongingness with her social circle. Indeed, behavioral learning is part of the crucial developmental phases of the child since learned behaviors are used to better adapt in the outside environment, while at the same time, help in building the developmental characteristics of the child (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).In the last child examined, the theoretical approach of cognitive learning has been applied to analyze the actions and behavioral responses of a 4-year old male child. According to J. Piaget’s cognitive theory, the child is currently in his pre-operational cognitive development based on his age. According to Sadock and Kaplan (2007), the child in this stage usually manifests egocentricity and magical thinking, and still cannot separate the logic of reality from fantasy (p. 133). These characteristics have been manifested by the child during his isolated play session.In his play environment, different action figures, personal television always set to cartoons and toy guns have been noted. According to the child’s mother, he prefers to play with his older sibling (1 year older than the child). They frequently imitate the action cartoons they watched in the television and use their toys to reenact the scenes of the cartoons. Upon observing the child, he verbalizes his realistic belief on magical creatures, robots and different figures normally seen in cartoons.As explained by Slee (2002), the child’s cognitive level is dominated by perception rather than realistic concepts (p. 66). In this stage, the child is still on the process of learning how to separate reality from fantasy. Continuing the observation, the child notably performed his tantrums right after his mother gave his brother a new toy. The child exclaime d a series of egocentric statements (e. g. â€Å"that one’s mine†, â€Å"its mine†, â€Å"mine mine mine!!! †, etc. ).As explained by Lerner (), children at their pre-operational stage are most of the time egocentric, but compared from the previous cognitive phase, these children can now express their egocentric concerns through words (p. 378). In applying the cognitive theory in the child’s development, we can better understand the mental capacities and limitations of the child. . . . . . . . Conclusion In conclusion, developmental theories of behavioral learning, social-cognitive learning and cognitive learning are evidently applicable in analyzing and understanding the different behaviors manifested during the child’s developmental process.Social-cognitive theory has been used to understand the social behaviors and early relations that the child establishes within her external environment. On the other hand, behavioral theory explains the process of learning the different prevalent behaviors perceived as needed for better adaptation and survival. Lastly, cognitive theory points out the child’s magical thinking and egocentric behavior as part of the pre-operational stage of development. . . . References Alexander, P. A., & Winne, P. H. (2006). Handbook of Educational Psychology. London, New York: Routledge. . . . . . . . Balter, L., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2006). Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues. London, New York: CRC Press. . . . . . . . Colarusso, C. A. (1992). Child and Adult Development: A Psychoanalytic Introduction for Clinicians. London, New York: Springer. . . . . . . . Dulcan, M. K., & Wiener, J. M. (2006). Essentials of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A: American Psychiatric Pub. Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. London, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pressley, M., & McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York, U.S.A: Guilford Press. Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Salkind, N. J. (2004). An Introduction to Theories of Human Development. New York, U.S.A: SAGE Press. Slee, P. T. (2002). Child, Adolescent and Family Development: The Australasian Experience. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.   

DataVast Case Study

There are many issues in this case study that overlap each other throughout the process of developing the product for DataVast Inc. , developed by founding Winston Hao. He is the creator and founder of this company but as we all know developing a company isn’t as easy as it may seem when you invest time, money and energy for company that begins to face turmoil. The difficulties that Mr. Hao face is trying to re improve and modify original cloud storage product that stored large quantities of digital data, The big issue was that even though they were ready to send out there newly modified product was who would be their target.This was just the beginning of many problem in this journey. This company tackled there issues with trying to eliminate unwanted products in the market which along the process is considered there biggest issue and making their way to their least problematic issues. DataVast Inc. had a lot to offer in terms of memory storage, from digital files form seconda ry area in order eliminate losing valuable data, In order to do so they had to eliminate CD, External Hard Drive and USB. Particularly because they were unappealing method for businesses to store data because they were too big and could easily be lost and broken.Also, portable external hard drives that even though they store 160 GB TO 2 TB. Are even more expensive than CD and including that they are easy to lose and damage. In addition, USB flash drives although they are portable and store more than double portable external hard drive came with big risk such as security challenge for organizations since they were very small and easily capable of being stolen by unsupervised visitors or employees to take and get away with. DataVast Inc.initially appeared to have an advantage over all these other devices but what appeared to be so was another secondary important problem that need to be dealt with which was what to choose between Public Cloud or Private Cloud that both had advantages o ver regular storage methods. The issue with Public Cloud was that if it was taken on it would inhibit the risk of accommodated data security, since all data was kept at the third-party service provider’s area. Now for Public Cloud it did have an advantage over Public Cloud as the data didn’t need to be store with another party.Nonetheless, users still need to buy a physical storage device, which had to be in the premises of their home office. The next issue for Mr. Hao was dealing with integrated back up system that were offered by IT providers such as IBM and Tivoli. This company had offered many areas of individualization with high performances levels, however they were in high price range and were difficult for smaller companies to pay for that couldn’t afford to. Ultimately, the next step was business data storage in China. Bringing this concept to China was hard because companies that were backing data were North American who were using out dated data.It wa s a frequent thing that people were involved with service industries to sell client info a practice that makes it hard for company trust service provider with strong sensitive company info. DataVast provided Cloud computing storage products to China. This was new to the Chinese market, and Hao hoped that since working with the largest telecommunication company it provide with some recognition. This however caused Chinese businesses to be resistant to adopt cloud products by 2011 five years into operation DataVast was still suffering a terrible loss.

All-in-One Computer Security Systems Essay

All-in-one Computer Security Systems CIS/105 Some of the different programs that I choose to use as all-in-one security that has total protection are Norton Internet Security and McAfee has an exclusive active protection technology that analyzes and blocks threats in milliseconds. McAfee can immediately detect and remove viruses, even root kits, adware, spyware, and blocks. McAfee has a two-way firewall which blocks outsiders from hacking into your PC. The program also contains other features including ways to better the health of your PC. Norton Internet Security plus 360 versions 4. 0 warns you of dangerous downloads before you install and run them on your computer. Norton Internet Security has an extra layer of protection that detects viruses, spyware, Trojans and other threats. In addition Norton 360 4. 0 identifies applications that are impacting the performance of your PC. Using an all-in-one computer security protects your CPU from hijackers, identity theft, spyware, and virus. In addition using a security all in one center generally protects the user computer on its own. This keeps your system and all your information safe from others. There are some security programs which protect as well such as Anti-Virus, Anti-Spyware, Anti-Spam, Anti-Root kit, Identity Protection, Link Scanner Active Surf, Link Scanner Search, Web Protection & Firewall, and Sophisticated threat detection. Using an all-in-one security system is effective because the programs are not conflicting with each other; instead they all work together within one system. An all-in-one security system will use less running memory than several security systems running parallel to each other. All-in-one security system is effective in many elements such physically secured security appliance, content discrimination, quick recovery from failure, highly configurable logging and notification, simplicity, high uptime, economy secure connections, well-conceived security system policies, scalability, distributed architecture, of IP addresses, secure remote management and communication, authentication, virtual private networking, and summarize and report network activity. What the all in one computer security systems protect against is with spyware, virus, identity theft, and hijackers. The all in one computer security systems block the threats from getting onto your computer as long as it is running at all times. References McAfee. McAfee Total Protection 2010. Retrieved from. http://download. mcafee. com/products/manuals/en-us/mtp_datasheet_2010. pdf Norton by Symantec. Top-ranked Protection. Norton 360â„ ¢ Version 6. 0. Retrieved from. http://us. norton. com/360 Internet Security Handbook. What Makes a Good Network Security System and effective security system. Retrieved from. http://www. watchguard. com/help/lss/41/handbook/need_fo3. htm

Catholic domination in Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Catholic domination in Ireland - Essay Example In general, such a powerful influence is closely associated with the Irish self-government principle ‘Home Rule as Rome Rule’3. However, it is often argued that this principle â€Å"ignores the reality of the power of the Catholic Church in Irish society and in relation to the body politic under previous British rule†4. Another control tool, implemented by the Church is linked with strict censorship. It was required for protecting traditional moral values. Since censorship of any kind is grounded on prejudices, it influences the shaping of people’s morals and manners, and impacts perspectives on the entire concept of the rule of law. â€Å"Censorship can be defined simply as the restriction, by proper authorities, of intellectual, literary, artistic materials in any format†5. Moreover, censorship by the Catholic Church is best understood in the context of community. Hence, such concepts as teachings, or social behaviour, which are inconsistent with t he rule of faith, should be censored in order to preserve the life of the community. Hagstrom6 outlines censorship within the church among the believers as ‘in-house censorship’. ... ules for editing materials and ideas of the social life sphere, making â€Å"judgments on ideas, philosophies, behaviours and books that were contrary to Christian faith and morals†7. An example of such an early censorship implementation is known as the Index of Forbidden Books, or Index Librorum Probibitorum. This was issued in 1557 by Pope Paul IV, though, it had a historical precedence dated AD 496 â€Å"in a Decree issued by Gelasius, listing heretical and apocryphal books banned by preceding councils and popes†8 . This Index included a list of titles, which Catholics were not permitted to read and to own without ecclesiastical permission. Harold Gardiner conveys the Catholic Church’s censorship standards, accepted after achieving the independence, wee closely linked with the notion that church is the cradle of love, which is intended for directing various parts of society towards the common harmony and enrichment9. In accordance with the clerical philosophy, the state is regarded as a ‘natural’ institution, where a human being forms a community with his fellow man, as a part of the social unity. Furthermore, Gardiner10 emphasizes that the human origin as the God’s offshoot presupposes the necessity for the communal living, hence this need is also God-given, while the endeavour for the individuality leads to coercion, and its further development into tyranny and injustice. Since the government and its authority are ‘natural’, the institutions such as the Censorship Board are also regarded as ‘natural’, â€Å"and as such, legitimate guardians and assessors of the norms towards which one must strive†11. Hence, â€Å"the statement that authority is natural is a mistaken analysis of how authority in such circumstances functions†12 because according to the